Seismic Interferometry on the Moon for Near-Surface Exploration

Abstract

The NEPOS (Near-Surface Seismic Exploration of Planetary Bodies with Adaptive Networks) project is focused on developing autonomous multi-agent systems to conduct seismic exploration on the Moon, particularly to detect critical resources such as near-surface ice and subsurface cavities like lava tubes. Ambient noise interferometry captures naturally occurring seismic signals, eliminating the need for active seismic sources. Initial modeling indicates the feasibility of mapping ice-bearing rocks using frequencies between 3-8 Hz, while lower frequencies are necessary for detecting deeper structures. Challenges of position and timing uncertainties inherent in multi-agent systems without GPS are quantified, showing that acceptable accuracy for imaging near-surface structures can be maintained. Additionally, uncertainties stemming from the wavelet-based time-frequency analysis are considered. In the future, we plan to employ Bayesian experimental design strategies to optimize rover positioning, improving subsurface velocity estimates and ensuring high-quality seismic imaging. Planned analog field tests on Earth will further refine these approaches for lunar application.