Future transport energy mix and EV-infrastructure requirements

Abstract

The insights of the assessment of current EV recharging infrastructure and future development plans clearly show that the charging infrastructure deployments throughout the eMAP partner countries Finland, Germany and Poland currently are in the early stages. Regarding the scale of deployment, plug-in charging is the most important charging technology in contrast to wireless charging and battery swapping as further recharging solutions. Compared to the today's number of public charging points in Finland 5.6 %, in Germany 3.2 %, and in Poland 0.07 % of the minimum charging infrastructure requirements are reached. However, according to the approved directive “on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure” enacted in the end of 2014, minimum requires public accessible recharging points depending on the number of electric vehicles estimated to be registered by the end of 2020. Minimum required number of recharging points should be equivalent to one recharging point per ten cars. Common European standard connector is Type 2 for AC-charging and Combo 2 for DC-charging. In order to have appropriate number of publically accessible recharging points in urban/suburban and other densely populated areas available by the end of 2020, member states are forced to develop national policy frameworks until the end of 2016 and to report on its implementation until the end of 2019. Therefore, considerable progress in terms the market development of recharging points, the use of common technical specifications and the setup of appropriate user information is expected by early 2017. Up to now, the Partner Countries have not announced national policies yet. The future fuel and energy mix of the transport sector is likely to remain dependent on oil throughout the eMAP partner countries. All countries focus on the use of biofuels as most efficient way to fulfill renewable targets. In addition, all countries plan the expansion of renewable energy sources depending on country individual resources and possibilities. Nuclear power is seen as backbone of low carbon electricity production in Finland. Even Poland plans to build-up new nuclear power plans for reducing its carbon intensity. Therefore, only Germany reorganizes its energy supply by phasing out nuclear power and significantly expanding renewable energy sources especially wind power.