Clustering the European Union Electric Vehicle Markets: Status in 2025

Kurzfassung

The European Union (EU) passenger car market has experienced rapid growth in electric vehicle (EV) adoption since 2020, with EVs representing over 20% of new registrations in 2024. Adoption remains uneven across Member States, reflecting differences in policy frameworks, infrastructure availability, and socio-economic conditions. Building on our clustering analysis using 2020 data [1], this study updates the clustering of EU countries for 2024, grouping countries according to their progress toward net zero-emission passenger car registrations. The analysis demonstrates that most clusters remain stable over time, identifies emerging markets such as Denmark and Finland, and shows that late majority and laggard countries lag in EV adoption and public charging infrastructure. It further examines the influence of regulatory mechanisms, infrastructure deployment, and market-driven factors, illustrated by non-EU countries such as Türkiye, Switzerland, and Iceland. Our findings confirm and extend the previously developed framework for analyzing EV adoption, demonstrating its continued relevance for guiding policy interventions and providing a solid foundation for future modeling of EU EV market adoption, including transportation models that benefit from reduced data requirements.