A Morphology of Threats and Sensor Systems for increasing Situational Awareness to protect Critical Infrastructure

Abstract

Critical infrastructure (CI) is increasingly vital yet vulnerable due to escalating security threats like terrorism and sabotage. Detection systems are fundamental for CI protection but need improvement against unconventional threats exploiting modern technology, such as low-flying drones and autonomous underwater vehicles. We propose a systematic classification framework – a morphology of threats – that categorises them based on operational domain, speed, and size, and aligns them with specific sensor technologies and deployment platforms. We improve detection accuracy and response times by tailoring sensor-platform combinations to distinct threat typologies derived from this morphology, to further strengthen CI resilience. The framework facilitates a more flexible and adaptive approach to threat detection by addressing the shortcomings of one-size-fits-all solutions. Case studies from recent conflicts illustrate the effectiveness of scenario-based classifications in enhancing situation awareness. Customised detection capabilities complement CI security by providing more effective protection against a wide range of complex threats in hybrid scenarios.