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Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: A dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions
Luque, R. and Lam, K. W. F. and Cabrera, J. and Bonfanti, A. and Eschen, Y. and Olofsson, G. and Benz, W. and Billot, N. and Brandeker, A. and Correia, A. C. M. and Fossati, L. and Gandolfi, D. and Osborn, H. P. and Pezzotti, C. and Sousa, S. G. and Wilson, T. G. and Wolf, S. and Alibert, Y. and Alonso, R. and Asquier, J. and Bàrczy, T. and Barrado y Navascués, D. and Barros, S. C. C. and Baumjohann, W. and Biondi, F. and Borsato, L. and Broeg, C. and Collier Cameron, A. and Csizmadia, Sz. and Cubillos, P. E. and Davies, M. B. and Deleuil, M. and Deline, A. and Demangeon, O. D. S. and Demory, B.-O. and Derekas, A. and Edwards, B. and Egger, J. A. and Ehrenreich, D. and Erikson, A. and Fortier, A. and Fridlund, M. and Gazeas, K. and Gillon, M. and Güdel, M. and Günther, M. N. and Heitzmann, A. and Helling, Ch. and Isaak, K. G. and Keller, T. and Kiss, L. L. and Korth, J. and Laskar, J. and Lecavelier des Etangs, A. and Leleu, A. and Lendl, M. and Magrin, D. and Mantovan, G. and Maxted, P. F. L. and Merin, B. and Mordasini, C. and Nascimbeni, V. and Ottensamer, R. and Pagano, I. and Palle, E. and Peter, G. and Piazza, D. and Piotto, G. and Pollacco, D. and Queloz, D. and Ragazzoni, R. and Rando, N. and Rauer, H. and Ribas, I. and Santos, N. C. and Scandariato, G. and Ségransan, D. and Simon, A. E. and Smith, A. M. S. and Stalport, M. and Sulis, S. and Szabó, Gy. M. and Udry, S. and Ulmer, B. and Ulmer-Moll, S. and Van Grootel, V. and Venturini, J. and Villaver, E. and Walton, N. A. and Wolter, D.
(2025)
Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: A dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions.
Astronomy & Astrophysics, 704, A174.
EDP Sciences.
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202556515.
ISSN 0004-6361.
![[img]](https://elib.dlr.de/style/images/fileicons/application_pdf.png) |
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Official URL: https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2025/12/aa56515-25/aa56515-25.html AbstractAims. We aim to refine the fundamental parameters of the TOI-2141 planetary system, which includes a transiting sub-Neptune orbiting a Sun-like star on a relatively long orbit of 18.26 days, by combining new photometric and spectroscopic observations. Methods. We analyzed new space-based photometry from TESS and CHEOPS, as well as 61 radial velocity measurements from HARPS-N. We performed individual and joint photometric and RV analyses using several modeling tools within a Bayesian model comparison framework. Results. We refined the radius and mass of the transiting planet TOI-2141 b to 3.15 \ensuremath± 0.04 R\ensuremathøplus and 20.1 \ensuremath± 1.6 M\ensuremathøplus to levels that are five and two times more precise, respectively, than the previously reported values. Our radial velocity analysis reveals two additional non- transiting companions with orbital periods of 5.46 and 60.45 days. Despite the innermost planet's high geometric transit probability, we found no evidence of transits in the photometric data. Conclusions. The bulk properties of TOI-2141 b suggest a significant volatile envelope atop an Earth-like core. The modeling indicates a hydrogen-rich atmosphere that could have experienced mild photoevaporation over the system's history. Planets b and c are believed to exhibit a modest mutual inclination of at least åisebox-0.5ex~2.4°. | Item URL in elib: | https://elib.dlr.de/221120/ |
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| Document Type: | Article |
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| Title: | Improved characterization of the TOI-2141 system: A dense sub-Neptune with non-transiting inner and outer companions |
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| Authors: | | Authors | Institution or Email of Authors | Author's ORCID iD | ORCID Put Code |
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| Luque, R. | Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Lam, K. W. F. | kristine.lam (at) dlr.de | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Cabrera, J. | juan.cabrera (at) dlr.de | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-5487 | UNSPECIFIED | | Bonfanti, A. | Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Eschen, Y. | Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Olofsson, G. | Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Benz, W. | Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, CH | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Billot, N. | Observatoire de Genève, University of Geneva, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Brandeker, A. | Department of Astronomy , Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Correia, A. C. M. | CFisUC, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Fossati, L. | Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4426-9530 | UNSPECIFIED | | Gandolfi, D. | Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Osborn, H. P. | Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Pezzotti, C. | Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19C, 4000, Liège, Belgium | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Sousa, S. G. | Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Wilson, T. G. | Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Wolf, S. | Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Alibert, Y. | Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Alonso, R. | Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), 38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Asquier, J. | ESTEC, European Space Agency, 2201AZ, Noordwijk, NL | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Bàrczy, T. | Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Barrado y Navascués, D. | Depto. de Astrofisica, Centro de Astrobiologia (CSIC-INTA), ESAC campus, 28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Barros, S. C. C. | Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Baumjohann, W. | Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Biondi, F. | INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Borsato, L. | INAF Astronomical Observatory of Padova, Padova, Italy | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Broeg, C. | Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Collier Cameron, A. | SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Csizmadia, Sz. | szilard.csizmadia (at) dlr.de | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6803-9698 | UNSPECIFIED | | Cubillos, P. E. | INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio, 20, 10025, Pino Torinese, To, Italy; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, 8042, Graz, Austria | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Davies, M. B. | Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Deleuil, M. | Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Deline, A. | Observatoire de Genève, University of Geneva, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Demangeon, O. D. S. | Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762, Porto, Portugal | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Demory, B.-O. | Center for Space and Habitability, Gesellsschaftstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Derekas, A. | ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szent Imre h. u. 112, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Edwards, B. | SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Niels Bohrweg 4, 2333 CA, Leiden, The Netherlands | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Egger, J. A. | Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Ehrenreich, D. | Observatoire de Genève, University of Geneva, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Erikson, A. | anders.erikson (at) dlr.de | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Fortier, A. | Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Fridlund, M. | Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, 439 92, Onsala, Sweden; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, 2333CA, Leiden, The Netherlands | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Gazeas, K. | National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, University Campus, Zografos 157 84, Athens, Greece | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Gillon, M. | Institut d’Astrophysique de l’Université Liège, Allèe du 6 Aout 17, 4000 Liège, Belgium | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Güdel, M. | University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, 1180, Vienna, Austria | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Günther, M. N. | European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Heitzmann, A. | Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290, Versoix, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Helling, Ch. | Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Isaak, K. G. | Science and Operations Department - Science Division (SCI-SC), Directorate of Science, European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201-AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Keller, T. | Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Kiss, L. L. | Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth, Budapest, Hungary | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Korth, J. | Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Laskar, J. | IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ.,Sorbonne Univ., 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Lecavelier des Etangs, A. | Institut d Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7095 & Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Paris 6, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Leleu, A. | Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, CheminPegasi 51, Versoix, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Lendl, M. | Observatoire de Genève, Université de Genève, Chemin Pegasi, 51, 1290, Versoix, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Magrin, D. | INAF,OsservatorioAstronomicodiPadova,Vicolodell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Mantovan, G. | Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Maxted, P. F. L. | Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Merin, B. | European Space Agency, ESA – European Space Astronomy Centre, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Mordasini, C. | Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Nascimbeni, V. | INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Ottensamer, R. | University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics, Austria | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Pagano, I. | INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Palle, E. | Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain | Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Spain | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Peter, G. | Gisbert.Peter (at) dlr.de | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6101-2513 | UNSPECIFIED | | Piazza, D. | Physikalisches Institut,University of Bern, Sidlerstraße 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Piotto, G. | INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, vicolo dell Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Pollacco, D. | Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Queloz, D. | ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland; Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Ragazzoni, R. | INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Rando, N. | ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, Niederlande | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Rauer, H. | heike.rauer (at) dlr.de | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Ribas, I. | Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (CSIC), Campus UAB, c/ de Can Magrans s/n, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Santos, N. C. | Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Scandariato, G. | INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Ségransan, D. | Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Simon, A. E. | Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Smith, A. M. S. | alexis.smith (at) dlr.de | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2386-4341 | UNSPECIFIED | | Stalport, M. | Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19C, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19C, B-4000 Liège, Belgium | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Sulis, S. | Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM, 38 Rue Frédéric Joliot-Curie, 13388, Marseille, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Szabó, Gy. M. | ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, 9700, Szombathely, Szent Imre h. u. 112, Hungary ; MTA-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, 9700, Szombathely, Szent Imre h. u. 112, Hungary | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Udry, S. | Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Ulmer, B. | Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Ulmer-Moll, S. | Observatoire de Genève, Université de Genève, Chemin Pegasi, 51, 1290, Versoix, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Van Grootel, V. | Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19C, 4000 Liège, Belgium | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Venturini, J. | Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290, Versoix, Switzerland | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Villaver, E. | Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Via Lactea s/n, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, Astrofísico Francisco Sanchez s/n, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Walton, N. A. | Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Wolter, D. | David.Wolter (at) dlr.de | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED |
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| Date: | 2025 |
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| Journal or Publication Title: | Astronomy & Astrophysics |
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| Refereed publication: | Yes |
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| Open Access: | Yes |
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| Gold Open Access: | Yes |
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| In SCOPUS: | Yes |
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| In ISI Web of Science: | Yes |
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| Volume: | 704 |
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| DOI: | 10.1051/0004-6361/202556515 |
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| Page Range: | A174 |
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| Publisher: | EDP Sciences |
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| ISSN: | 0004-6361 |
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| Status: | Published |
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| Keywords: | techniques: photometric, techniques: radial velocities, planets and satellites: detection, planets and satellites: individual: TOI-2141b, stars: solar-type |
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| HGF - Research field: | Aeronautics, Space and Transport |
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| HGF - Program: | Space |
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| HGF - Program Themes: | Space Exploration |
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| DLR - Research area: | Raumfahrt |
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| DLR - Program: | R EW - Space Exploration |
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| DLR - Research theme (Project): | R - CHEOPS Science, R - Project CHEOPS |
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Location: |
Berlin-Adlershof
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| Institutes and Institutions: | Institute of Planetary Research > Extrasolar Planets and Atmospheres
Institute of Optical Sensor Systems > Space Instruments
Institute of Planetary Research > Planetary Sensor Systems
Division of the Chair of the Executive Board |
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| Deposited By: |
Smith, Dr Alexis M S
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| Deposited On: | 07 Jan 2026 15:03 |
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| Last Modified: | 07 Jan 2026 15:03 |
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