A spatial and spectral Analysis of the Sentinel-2 nighttime Image

Abstract

Nighttime optical remote sensing provides valuable insights into natural and, in particular, human activities. This study evaluates the nighttime imaging capabilities of the Sentinel-2 mission using the only available nighttime acquisition not limited to ocean observations for dark signal calibration, covering the United Arab Emirates with Dubai in 2015. We checked the detection limit using granules over the Persian Gulf, extracted radiance spectra for different regions of interest, and analysed lighting types and temperatures. Results suggest a conservative nighttime detection limit of approx. 0.37 W/m²/µm/sr for visible/near infrared bands, and 0.08 W/m²/µm/sr for short-wave infrared bands. Sentinel-2’s high spatial resolution and multispectral bands, although designed for daytime observations, were capable of detecting and classifying bright visible/near and short-wave infrared emitters. Comparisons with hyperspectral EnMAP imagery acquired in 2025 validated the classifications and revealed changes in urban lighting over a decade. While limitations apply, this study highlights S2’s potential for nighttime remote sensing and supports considerations of nighttime capabilities for future satellite missions.