Laser-Ablative De-Tumbling of Space Debris Objects

Abstract

The rapid growth of space debris in Earth’s orbit threatens the safety and sustainability of space operations. A major challenge for Active Debris Removal (ADR) is the capture of uncooperative, fast-spinning objects that cannot be grasped by robotic systems. Existing ADR research has focused on robotic servicers and de-orbiting strategies, but few approaches address the prerequisite step of contactless de-tumbling.

This thesis investigates the feasibility of using laser ablation to decelerate the rotation of debris objects, thereby enabling subsequent robotic capture. The central research question is whether laser-induced impulses can reliably reduce angular momentum without compromising structural integrity. An existing laser-matter-interaction code was fundamentally redesigned using modern GPU-accelerated ray tracing. The extended framework incorporates advanced beam caustic modelling, individual beam profiles, local ablation depth tracking, multi-material targets, and a feedback-loop to adapt input parameters dynamically. The software was validated against analytical solutions, earlier simulations, and repeatability tests, demonstrating stable long-term performance.

Simulation studies confirmed that complete de-spinning of a representative rocket body is achievable within mission-relevant timescales of a few months. Key findings include the strong dependence of impulse transfer on fluence optimization, the critical role of ablation depth over extended irradiation, and the necessity of adaptive irradiation profiles to prevent structural weakening.

The results show that laser-ablative de-tumbling is a technically promising ADR method. Beyond demonstrating feasibility, the developed software provides a tool for optimization and mission planning. While limitations remain due to uncertain material parameters and idealized assumptions, this work lays the foundation for future experimental validation and in-orbit demonstrations, bridging the gap between theoretical models and practical ADR applications.