Multi-Sensor Terrestrial and UAV-based Real-Time Mapping on Vulcano

Kurzfassung

Research in volcanology and planetary science requires the study of geological features in challenging environments. This ranges from large-scale mapping for volcano monitoring to detailed investigations of specific geological structures. Acquired data needs to be appropriately localized in time and space to facilitate further analysis and evaluation. In this context, the German Aerospace Center (DLR) has tested two camera-based mapping systems on Vulcano, Sicily. The Modular-Aerial Camera System (MACS-nano), mounted on a vertical take-off and landing UAV, has successfully surveyed the Fossa crater and fumarole fields (~4 km²) in one afternoon, capturing data simultaneously in the RGB and thermal infrared spectrum. The data was provided as geo-referenced map via a WebMap-Service (WMS) during the flight in real-time. 3D surface models, derived offline from the high-resolution images, are used for analyzing large-scale volcanic structures and assessing terrain hazards. The resulting true-ortho mosaic (RGB) and surface models have a resolution of 3 cm with a relative accuracy of 1/5 pixel and an absolute accuracy of 5 cm at ground control points. The Integrated Positioning System (IPS), a stereo camera system for 3D reconstruction and self-localization even in unknown GPS-denied environments, was deployed for terrestrial mapping with additional RGB, infrared, thermal infrared and event based cameras mounted on the hand-held prototype as scientific instruments. In the stereo imagery, features are resolved with less than 5 mm at a measuring distance of 2-3 m. It was employed for exploration and thermal mapping of fumarolic fields and in combination with MACS aerial surveys. Data was collected during the 2024 PETRAS Vulcano Summer School, an annual field course on Vulcano. This program provides young researchers and students with a broad foundation in planetary and terrestrial field studies. Bringing together experts from diverse disciplines — including volcanology, geophysics, astrobiology, robotic exploration, and computer science — it offers a holistic perspective on the interdisciplinary skills essential for planetary research. The curriculum combines topical lectures, hands-on experiments and field sampling campaigns, equipping participants with both theoretical knowledge and practical experience. We intend to promote the use of camera-based systems such as MACS and IPS for volcanic mapping and exploration by discussing results and sharing impressions from the expedition on Vulcano. Generally, we seek to support volcanic, geophysical and planetary as well as security related investigations with our developments. Modularity, flexibility and real-time capability make our systems adaptable to a wide range of use cases.