Development of a Landing Gear Model for Full-Flight Simulators

Abstract

This thesis presents the development of a landing gear model capable of real-time simulation for full-flight simulators, with the goal of supporting Level D certification, the highest standard in civil flight simulation. Conducted at the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the model is implemented entirely in MATLAB/Simulink and integrated into the Air Vehicle Simulator (AVES). It supports flight dynamics analysis, control system development, and Pilot-in-the-Loop (PIL) simulations. The work begins with an analysis of certification requirements, emphasizing the fidelity needed for accurate ground dynamics. A comprehensive review of existing modelling approaches follows, covering historical developments, current techniques, and failure modelling. The oleo-pneumatic strut is modelled in detail, capturing its nonlinear compression and damping behavior. In addition, three tire friction models, a constant-coefficinet friction model, the Burkhardt model, and Pacejka’s Magic Formula are implemented to simulate realistic tireground interaction. The model is first validated through benchmark desktop simulations, including drop and acceleration tests, to assess plausibility, stability, and real-time suitability. It is then tested in the AVES simulator through PIL simulations, allowing for parameter tuning and subjective evaluation. Finally, potential areas for improvement are highlighted. The resulting model provides a robust and efficient foundation for certification-relevant landing gear simulation.