Greenhouse gas and pollutant distribution from the supply chain of lithium-ion batteries for the German and European EV market

Abstract

This study examines the geographic distribution of greenhouse gas (GHG) and pollutant emissions in the lithium-ion battery (LIB) supply chain for the global electric vehicle (EV) market. Electrification of vehicles and the shift toward decarbonized energy sources are concentrating a greater share of emissions in the production phase. Using life cycle assessment (LCA) data and country-specific emission tables, emissions from mining, refining, cell manufacturing, and battery assembly were allocated to production regions for the reference year 2019. Results show that China dominates battery cell production (44%) and accounts for 54% of CO2eq emissions. In contrast, regions like Canada and Europe exhibit lower emission intensity. These findings underscore the role of regional energy mixes and production efficiencies in LIB supply chain emissions. Future strategies should focus on decarbonizing supply chains, diversifying production locations, and adopting cleaner energy sources globally.