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Methane emissions from the Nord Stream subsea pipeline leaks
Harris, Stephen J. and Schwietzke, Stefan and France, James L. and Velandia, Nataly and Meixus Fernandez, Tania and Randles, Cynthia and Ganter, Luis and Irakulis-Loitxate, Itziar and Calcan, Andreea and Aben, Ilse and Abrahamsson, Katarina and Balcombe, Paul and Berchet, Antoine and Biddle, Louise C. and Bittig, Henry C. and Böttcher, Christian and Bouvard, Timo and Broström, Göran and Bruch, Valentin and Cassiani, Massimo and Chipperfield, Martyn P. and Ciais, Phillipe and Damm, Ellen and Dammers, Enrico and Denier Van Der Gon, Hugo and Dogniaux, Matthieu and Dowd, Emily and Dupouy, Francois and Eckhardt, Sabine and Evangeliou, Nikolaus and Feng, Wuhu and Jia, Mengwei and Jiang, Fei and Kaiser-Weiss, Andrea and Kamoun, Ines and Kerridge, Brian and Lampert, Astrid and Lana, José and Li, Fei and Maasakkers, Joannes D. and Maclean, Jean-Philippe W. and Mamtimin, Buhalqem and Marshall, Julia and Mauger, Gédéon and Mekkas, Anouar and Mielke, Christian and Mohrmann, Martin and Moore, David P. and Nanni, Ricardo and Pätzold, Falk and Pison, Isabelle and Pisso, Ignacio and Platt, Stephen M. and Préa, Raphaël and Queste, Bastien Y. and Ramonet, Michel and Rehder, Gregor and Remedios, John J. and Reum, Friedemann and Roiger, Anke and Schmidbauer, Norbert and Siddans, Richard and Sunkisala, Anusha and Thompson, Rona L. and Varon, Daniel J. and Ventress, Lucy J. and Wilson, Chris and Zhang, Yuzhong
(2025)
Methane emissions from the Nord Stream subsea pipeline leaks.
Nature, 637 (8048), pp. 1124-1130.
Nature Publishing Group.
doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08396-8.
ISSN 0028-0836.
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Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08396-8 AbstractThe amount of methane released to the atmosphere from the Nord Stream subsea pipeline leaks remains uncertain, as reflected in a wide range of estimates1–18. A lack of information regarding the temporal variation in atmospheric emissions has made it challenging to reconcile pipeline volumetric (bottom-up) estimates1–8 with
measurement-based (top-down) estimates8–18. Here we simulate pipeline rupture emission rates and integrate these with methane dissolution and sea-surface outgassing estimates9,10 to model the evolution of atmospheric emissions from the leaks. We verify our modelled atmospheric emissions by comparing them with top-down point-in-time emission-rate estimates and cumulative emission estimates derived from airborne11, satellite8,12–14 and tall tower data. We obtain consistency between our modelled atmospheric emissions and top-down estimates and find that 465 ± 20 thousand metric tons of methane were emitted to the atmosphere.
Although, to our knowledge, this represents the largest recorded amount of methane released from a single transient event, it is equivalent to 0.1% of anthropogenic methane emissions for 2022. The impact of the leaks on the global atmospheric methane budget brings into focus the numerous other anthropogenic methane sources that require mitigation globally. Our analysis demonstrates that diverse,
complementary measurement approaches are needed to quantify methane emissions in support of the Global Methane Pledge. | Item URL in elib: | https://elib.dlr.de/209345/ |
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| Document Type: | Article |
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| Title: | Methane emissions from the Nord Stream subsea pipeline leaks |
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| Authors: | | Authors | Institution or Email of Authors | Author's ORCID iD | ORCID Put Code |
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| Harris, Stephen J. | UNEP’s IMEO, Paris, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Schwietzke, Stefan | Environmental Defense Fund Europe, Brussels, Belgium | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | France, James L. | University of London, UK | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Velandia, Nataly | Environmental Defense Fund Europe, Brussels, Belgium | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Meixus Fernandez, Tania | UNEP’s IMEO, Paris, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Randles, Cynthia | UNEP’s IMEO, Paris, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Ganter, Luis | Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Irakulis-Loitxate, Itziar | Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Calcan, Andreea | UNEP’s IMEO, Paris, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Aben, Ilse | SRON Leiden, NL | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Abrahamsson, Katarina | University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Balcombe, Paul | Queen Mary University of London, London, UK | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Berchet, Antoine | LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6709-0125 | UNSPECIFIED | | Biddle, Louise C. | Voice of the Ocean Foundation, Västra Frölunda, Sweden | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Bittig, Henry C. | Leibniz Institut für Ostseeforschung, Warnemünde, Germany | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Böttcher, Christian | German Environment Agency, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Bouvard, Timo | Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Broström, Göran | University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Bruch, Valentin | DWD Offenbach, Germany | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Cassiani, Massimo | NILU, Kjeller, Norway | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Chipperfield, Martyn P. | University of Leeds, Leeds, UK | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6803-4149 | UNSPECIFIED | | Ciais, Phillipe | LSCE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Damm, Ellen | Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1487-1283 | UNSPECIFIED | | Dammers, Enrico | TNO Utrecht, NL | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Denier Van Der Gon, Hugo | TNO Utrecht, NL | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Dogniaux, Matthieu | SRON Leiden, NL | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Dowd, Emily | University of Leeds, Leeds, UK | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Dupouy, Francois | Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Eckhardt, Sabine | NILU, Kjeller, Norway | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Evangeliou, Nikolaus | NILU, Kjeller, Norway | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Feng, Wuhu | University of Leeds, Leeds, UK | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9907-9120 | UNSPECIFIED | | Jia, Mengwei | Nanjing University, Nanjing, China | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Jiang, Fei | Nanjing University, Nanjing, China | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Kaiser-Weiss, Andrea | DWD Offenbach, Germany | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Kamoun, Ines | CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Kerridge, Brian | Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Lampert, Astrid | TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1414-1616 | UNSPECIFIED | | Lana, José | Enagás Transporte SAU, Madrid, Spain | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Li, Fei | Nanjing University, Nanjing, China | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Maasakkers, Joannes D. | SRON Leiden, NL | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Maclean, Jean-Philippe W. | GHGSat Inc., Montreal, Canada | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Mamtimin, Buhalqem | DWD Offenbach, Germany | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Marshall, Julia | DLR, IPA | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2648-128X | 178858895 | | Mauger, Gédéon | Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Mekkas, Anouar | Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Mielke, Christian | German Environment Agency, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Mohrmann, Martin | Voice of the Ocean, Västra Frölunda, Sweden | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Moore, David P. | University of Leicester, Leicester, UK | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Nanni, Ricardo | TNO, Utrecht, NL | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Pätzold, Falk | TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2126-8367 | UNSPECIFIED | | Pison, Isabelle | LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Pisso, Ignacio | NILU, Kjeller, Norway | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Platt, Stephen M. | NILU, Kjeller, Norway | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Préa, Raphaël | Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Queste, Bastien Y. | University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, Gothenburg, Sweden | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Ramonet, Michel | LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Rehder, Gregor | Leibniz Institut für Ostseeforschung, Warnemünde, Germany | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Remedios, John J. | University of Leicester, UK | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Reum, Friedemann | DLR, IPA | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2488-6582 | UNSPECIFIED | | Roiger, Anke | DLR, IPA | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Schmidbauer, Norbert | NILU, Kjeller, Norway | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Siddans, Richard | Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Sunkisala, Anusha | DWD Offenbach, Germany | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Thompson, Rona L. | NILU, Kjeller, Norway | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Varon, Daniel J. | Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Ventress, Lucy J. | Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, UK | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Wilson, Chris | University of Leeds, Leeds, UK | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED | | Zhang, Yuzhong | Westlake University, Hangzhou, China | UNSPECIFIED | UNSPECIFIED |
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| Date: | 15 January 2025 |
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| Journal or Publication Title: | Nature |
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| Refereed publication: | Yes |
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| Open Access: | Yes |
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| Gold Open Access: | No |
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| In SCOPUS: | Yes |
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| In ISI Web of Science: | Yes |
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| Volume: | 637 |
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| DOI: | 10.1038/s41586-024-08396-8 |
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| Page Range: | pp. 1124-1130 |
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| Publisher: | Nature Publishing Group |
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| ISSN: | 0028-0836 |
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| Status: | Published |
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| Keywords: | Atmosphere, methane, Nord Stream, emission estimation |
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| HGF - Research field: | Aeronautics, Space and Transport |
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| HGF - Program: | Space |
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| HGF - Program Themes: | Earth Observation |
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| DLR - Research area: | Raumfahrt |
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| DLR - Program: | R EO - Earth Observation |
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| DLR - Research theme (Project): | R - Atmospheric and climate research |
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Location: |
Oberpfaffenhofen
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| Institutes and Institutions: | Institute of Atmospheric Physics > Atmospheric Trace Species |
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| Deposited By: |
Reum, Friedemann
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| Deposited On: | 27 Nov 2024 08:46 |
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| Last Modified: | 08 Jan 2026 07:39 |
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