Design of Loyal Wingmen and Their Integration into a Strike Aircraft Group: A Systems of Systems Approach

Abstract

Manned-Unmanned teaming with Loyal Wingmen is part of every current future fighter concept. However, while much effort is put into design and research, it remains to be seen whether the inclusion of Wingmen yields a better mission outcome. Additionally, there is much uncertainty about the ideal design and the Concept of Operations. This work aims to change that by addressing all three elements. Using Knowledge-Based Engineering, a set of Wingmen is designed for the Suppression and Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses. In the frame of a parameter study, physics-based combat simulations are conducted using Agent-Based Modeling. The results are analyzed via the derived Measures of Effectiveness of Mission Effectiveness, Survivability, Cost, and Lethality. The performance of formations including Wingmen is compared to the performance of modern tactics. The results show significant improvements in mission outcomes when Wingmen are deployed. Optimum results are achieved with Wingmen featuring slightly reduced Radar Cross-Section and balanced Specific Excess Power. The Concept of Operations has an effect, too. Fewer Wingmen carrying a larger number of weapons yield higher overall survivability than more but smaller Wingmen. The inverse holds for overall lethality. The results provide valuable insights into the optimal design and function of the Loyal Wingman concept.