Transferability of Machine Learning Models for Crop Classification in Remote Sensing Imagery Using a New Test Methodology: A Study on Phenological, Temporal and Spatial Influences

Abstract

Machine learning models are used to identify crops on satellite data, which achieve high classification accuracy but do not necessarily have a high degree from transferability to new regions. This paper investigates the use of machine learning models for crop classification using Sentinel-2 imagery. It proposes a new testing methodology that systematically analyzes the quality of the spatial transfer of trained models. In this study, the classification results of Random Forest (RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Machines (SVM) and a Majority Voting of all models and their spatial transferability are assessed. The proposed testing methodology comprises test scenarios to investigate phenologi- cal, temporal, spatial, and quantitative (quantitative regarding available training data) influences. Results show that the model accuracies tend to decrease with increasing time due to the differences in phenological phases in different regions, with a combined F1-score of 82% (XGboost) when trained on a single day, 72% (XGBoost) when trained on the half-season and 61% when trained over the entire growing season (Majority Voting).