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Characterising TOI-732 b and c: New insights into the M-dwarf radius and density valley

Bonfanti, A. and Brady, M. and Wilson, T. G. and Venturini, J. and Egger, J. A. and Brandeker, A. and Sousa, S. G. and Lendl, M. and Simon, A. E. and Queloz, D. and Olofsson, G. and Adibekyan, V. and Alibert, Y. and Fossati, L. and Hooton, M. J. and Kubyshkina, D. and Luque, R. and Murgas, F. and Mustill, A. J. and Santos, N. C. and Van Grootel, V. and Alonso Sobrino, R. and Asquier, J. and Bandy, T. and Bàrczy, T. and Barrado Navascues, D. and Barros, S. C. C. and Baumjohann, W. and Bean, J. L. and Beck, M. and Beck, T. and Benz, W. and Bergomi, M. and Billot, N. and Borsato, L. and Broeg, C. and Collier Cameron, A. and Csizmadia, Sz. and Cubillos, P. E. and Davies, M. B. and Deleuil, M. and Deline, A. and Delrez, L. and Demangeon, O. D. S. and Demory, B. -O. and Ehrenreich, D. and Erikson, A. and Fortier, A. and Fridlund, M. and Gandolfi, D. and Gillon, M. and Güdel, M. and Günther, M. N. and Heitzmann, A. and Helling, Ch. and Hoyer, S. and Isaak, K. G. and Kasper, D. and Kiss, L. L. and Lam, K. W. F. and Laskar, J. and Lecavelier des Etangs, A. and Magrin, D. and Maxted, P. F. L. and Mordasini, C. and Nascimbeni, V. and Ottensamer, R. and Pagano, I. and Palle, E. and Peter, G. and Piotto, G. and Pollacco, D. and Ragazzoni, R. and Rando, N. and Rauer, H. and Ribas, I. and Scandariato, G. and Ségransan, D. and Seifahrt, A. and Smith, A. M. S. and Stalport, M. and Stefánsson, G. and Steinberger, M. and Stürmer, J. and Szabó, Gy. M. and Thomas, N. and Udry, S. and Villaver, E. and Walton, N. A. and Westerdorff, K. and Zingales, T. (2024) Characterising TOI-732 b and c: New insights into the M-dwarf radius and density valley. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 682, A66. EDP Sciences. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202348180. ISSN 0004-6361.

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Official URL: https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/02/aa48180-23/aa48180-23.html

Abstract

Context. TOI-732 is an M dwarf hosting two transiting planets that are located on the two opposite sides of the radius valley. Inferring a reliable demographics for this type of systems is key to understanding their formation and evolution mechanisms. Aims: By doubling the number of available space-based observations and increasing the number of radial velocity (RV) measurements, we aim at refining the parameters of TOI-732 b and c. We also use the results to study the slope of the radius valley and the density valley for a well-characterised sample of M-dwarf exoplanets. Methods: We performed a global Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis by jointly modelling ground-based light curves and CHEOPS and TESS observations, along with RV time series both taken from the literature and obtained with the MAROON-X spectrograph. The slopes of the M-dwarf valleys were quantified via a support vector machine (SVM) procedure. Results: TOI-732b is an ultrashort-period planet (P = 0.76837931-0.00000042+0.0000039 days) with a radius Rb = 1.325-0.058+0.057R⊕, a mass Mb = 2.46 ± 0.19 M⊕, and thus a mean density ρb = 5.8-0.8+1.0 g cm-3, while the outer planet at P = 12.252284 ± 0.000013 days has Rc = 2.39-0.11+0.10R⊕, Mc = 8.04-0.48+0.50M⊕, and thus ρc = 3.24-0.43+0.55 g cm-3. Even with respect to the most recently reported values, this work yields uncertainties on the transit depths and on the RV semi-amplitudes that are smaller up to a factor of ~1.6 and ~2.4 for TOI-732 b and c, respectively. Our calculations for the interior structure and the location of the planets in the mass-radius diagram lead us to classify TOI-732 b as a super-Earth and TOI-732 c as a mini-Neptune. Following the SVM approach, we quantified d log Rp,valley / d logP = -0.065-0.013+0.024, which is flatter than for Sun-like stars. In line with former analyses, we note that the radius valley for M-dwarf planets is more densely populated, and we further quantify the slope of the density valley as d log ρ^valley / d log P = -0.02-0.04+0.12. Conclusions: Compared to FGK stars, the weaker dependence of the position of the radius valley on the orbital period might indicate that the formation shapes the radius valley around M dwarfs more strongly than the evolution mechanisms.

Item URL in elib:https://elib.dlr.de/203450/
Document Type:Article
Title:Characterising TOI-732 b and c: New insights into the M-dwarf radius and density valley
Authors:
AuthorsInstitution or Email of AuthorsAuthor's ORCID iDORCID Put Code
Bonfanti, A.Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, AustriaUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Brady, M.Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USAUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Wilson, T. G.Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UKUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Venturini, J.Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290, Versoix, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Egger, J. A.Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Brandeker, A.Department of Astronomy – Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, SwedenUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Sousa, S. G.Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762, Porto, PortugalUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Lendl, M.Observatoire de Genève, Université de Genève, Chemin Pegasi, 51, 1290, Versoix, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Simon, A. E.Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Queloz, D.ETH Zurich, Department of Physics, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland; Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UKUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Olofsson, G.Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, SwedenUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Adibekyan, V.Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, PortugalUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Alibert, Y.Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Fossati, L.Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austriahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4426-9530UNSPECIFIED
Hooton, M. J.Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK; Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Gesellsschaftstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerlandhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0030-332XUNSPECIFIED
Kubyshkina, D.Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, AustriaUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Luque, R.Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USAUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Murgas, F.Instituto de Astrofísicade Canarias, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain | Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, SpainUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Mustill, A. J.Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, 22100, Lund, SwedenUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Santos, N. C.Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, PortugalUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Van Grootel, V.Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19C, 4000 Liège, BelgiumUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Alonso Sobrino, R.Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), 38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Asquier, J.ESTEC, European Space Agency, 2201AZ, Noordwijk, NLUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Bandy, T.Physikalisches Institut,University of Bern, Sidlerstraße 5, CH-3012 Bern, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Bàrczy, T.Admatis, Miskolc, HungaryUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Barrado Navascues, D.Depto. de Astrofisica, Centro de Astrobiologia (CSIC-INTA), ESAC Campus, E-28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Barros, S. C. C.Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, PortugalUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Baumjohann, W.Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, AustriaUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Bean, J. L.Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USAUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Beck, M.Université de Genève, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Beck, T.Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstraße 6, 3012, Bern, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Benz, W.Physikalisches Institut,University of Bern, Sidlerstraße 5, CH-3012 Bern, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Bergomi, M.INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, ItalyUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Billot, N.Observatoire de Genève, University of Geneva, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Borsato, L.Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8627-9628UNSPECIFIED
Broeg, C.Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Collier Cameron, A.SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Fife KY16 9SS, UKhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8863-7828UNSPECIFIED
Csizmadia, Sz.UNSPECIFIEDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6803-9698UNSPECIFIED
Cubillos, P. E.INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio, 20, 10025, Pino Torinese, To, Italy; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, 8042, Graz, AustriaUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Davies, M. B.Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, 22100, Lund, SwedenUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Deleuil, M.Aix-Marseille Universite, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, FranceUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Deline, A.Observatoire de Genève, University of Geneva, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Delrez, L.Institut d Astrophysique et de Geophysique, Universite de Liege, Allee du 6 Aout, 17, Bat. B5C, Liege 1, BelgiumUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Demangeon, O. D. S.Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762, Porto, PortugalUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Demory, B. -O.Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Ehrenreich, D.Observatoire de Genève, University of Geneva, Switzerlandhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9704-5405UNSPECIFIED
Erikson, A.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Fortier, A.Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerlandhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8450-3374UNSPECIFIED
Fridlund, M.Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Onsala Space Observatory, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-439 92, Onsala, Sweden; Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA, Leiden, The NetherlandsUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Gandolfi, D.Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di TorinoUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Gillon, M.Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège, 19C Allée du 6 Août, 4000, Liège, BelgiumUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Güdel, M.Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Tuerkenschanzstrasse 17, A-1180 Vienna, AustriaUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Günther, M. N.European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, The NetherlandsUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Heitzmann, A.Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290, Versoix, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Helling, Ch.Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, AustriaUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Hoyer, S.Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, F-13013 Marseille, FranceUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Isaak, K. G.Science and Operations Department - Science Division (SCI-SC), Directorate of Science, European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201-AZ, Noordwijk, The NetherlandsUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Kasper, D.Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USAUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Kiss, L. L.Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth, Budapest, HungaryUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Lam, K. W. F.UNSPECIFIEDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9910-6088UNSPECIFIED
Laskar, J.IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ.,Sorbonne Univ., 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, FranceUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Lecavelier des Etangs, A.Institut d Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7095 & Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Paris 6, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, FranceUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Magrin, D.INAF,OsservatorioAstronomicodiPadova,Vicolodell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, ItalyUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Maxted, P. F. L.Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UKUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Mordasini, C.Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Nascimbeni, V.INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, ItalyUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Ottensamer, R.Dept. of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, AustriaUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Pagano, I.INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, ItalyUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Palle, E.Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Peter, G.UNSPECIFIEDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6101-2513UNSPECIFIED
Piotto, G.INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, vicolo dell Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, ItalyUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Pollacco, D.Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UKUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Ragazzoni, R.INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, ItalyUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Rando, N.ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, NiederlandeUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Rauer, H.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Ribas, I.Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (CSIC), Campus UAB, c/ de Can Magrans s/n, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, Barcelona, SpainUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Scandariato, G.INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, ItalyUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Ségransan, D.Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Seifahrt, A.Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USAUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Smith, A. M. S.UNSPECIFIEDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2386-4341UNSPECIFIED
Stalport, M.Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Chemin des Mailettes 51, 1290, Versoix, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Stefánsson, G.Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USAUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Steinberger, M.Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, AustriaUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Stürmer, J.Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl 12, 69117, Heidelberg, GermanyUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Szabó, Gy. M.ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, 9700, Szombathely, Szent Imre h. u. 112, Hungary ; MTA-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, 9700, Szombathely, Szent Imre h. u. 112, HungaryUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Thomas, N.Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Udry, S.Observatoire de Genève, Université de Genève, Chemin Pegasi, 51, 1290, Versoix, SwitzerlandUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Villaver, E.Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Via Lactea s/n, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, Astrofísico Francisco Sanchez s/n, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Walton, N. A.Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Westerdorff, K.Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489, Berlin, GermanyUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Zingales, T.Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Universita degli Studi di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 3, 35122, Padova, Italy; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122, Padova, ItalyUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Date:2024
Journal or Publication Title:Astronomy and Astrophysics
Refereed publication:Yes
Open Access:Yes
Gold Open Access:No
In SCOPUS:Yes
In ISI Web of Science:Yes
Volume:682
DOI:10.1051/0004-6361/202348180
Page Range:A66
Publisher:EDP Sciences
ISSN:0004-6361
Status:Published
Keywords:techniques: photometric, techniques: radial velocities, planets and satellites: fundamental parameters, stars: fundamental parameters, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
HGF - Research field:Aeronautics, Space and Transport
HGF - Program:Space
HGF - Program Themes:Space Exploration
DLR - Research area:Raumfahrt
DLR - Program:R EW - Space Exploration
DLR - Research theme (Project):R - CHEOPS Science, R - Project CHEOPS
Location: Berlin-Adlershof
Institutes and Institutions:Institute of Planetary Research > Extrasolar Planets and Atmospheres
Institute of Planetary Research > Leitungsbereich PF
Institute of Optical Sensor Systems > Space Instruments
Deposited By: Smith, Dr Alexis M S
Deposited On:25 Mar 2024 14:40
Last Modified:25 Mar 2024 14:40

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