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The First Ground Level Enhancement Seen on Three Planetary Surfaces: Earth, Moon, and Mars

Guo, Jingnan and Li, Xiaolei and Zhang, Jian and Dobynde, Mikhail I. and Wang, Yuming and Xu, Zigong and Berger, Thomas and Semkova, Jordanka and Wimmer‐Schweingruber, Robert F. and Hassler, Donald M. and Zeitlin, Cary and Ehresmann, Bent and Matthiä, Daniel and Zhuang, Bin (2023) The First Ground Level Enhancement Seen on Three Planetary Surfaces: Earth, Moon, and Mars. Geophysical Research Letters, 50 (15), e2023GL103069. Wiley. doi: 10.1029/2023GL103069. ISSN 0094-8276.

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Official URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103069

Abstract

On 28 October 2021, solar eruptions caused intense and long-lasting solar energetic particle (SEP) flux enhancements observed by spacecraft located over a wide longitudinal range in the heliosphere. SEPs arriving at Earth caused the 73rd ground level enhancement (GLE) event recorded by ground-based neutron monitors. In particular, this is also the first GLE event seen on the surface of three planetary bodies, Earth, Moon, and Mars, by particle and radiation detectors as shown in this study. We derive the event-integrated proton spectrum from measurements by near-Earth spacecraft and predict the lunar and martian surface radiation levels using particle transport models. Event doses at the lunar and martian surfaces of previous GLE events are also modeled and compared with the current event. This statistical and comparative study advances our understanding of potential radiation risks induced by extreme SEP events for future human explorations of the Moon and Mars.

Item URL in elib:https://elib.dlr.de/196386/
Document Type:Article
Title:The First Ground Level Enhancement Seen on Three Planetary Surfaces: Earth, Moon, and Mars
Authors:
AuthorsInstitution or Email of AuthorsAuthor's ORCID iDORCID Put Code
Guo, JingnanDeep Space Exploration Laboratory, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China and CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, USTC, Hefei, PR Chinahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8707-076XUNSPECIFIED
Li, XiaoleiDeep Space Exploration Laboratory, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR Chinahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7685-1528UNSPECIFIED
Zhang, JianDeep Space Exploration Laboratory, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR Chinahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5950-2169UNSPECIFIED
Dobynde, Mikhail I.Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR Chinahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-5002UNSPECIFIED
Wang, YumingDeep Space Exploration Laboratory, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China and CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, USTC, Hefei, PR Chinahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8887-3919UNSPECIFIED
Xu, ZigongInstitute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germanyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-996XUNSPECIFIED
Berger, ThomasUNSPECIFIEDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3319-5740UNSPECIFIED
Semkova, JordankaSpace Research and Technology Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgariahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2366-2176UNSPECIFIED
Wimmer‐Schweingruber, Robert F.Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germanyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7388-173XUNSPECIFIED
Hassler, Donald M.Solar System Science and Exploration Division, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USAhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8830-1200UNSPECIFIED
Zeitlin, CaryLeidos Corporation, Houston, TX, USAhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1737-141XUNSPECIFIED
Ehresmann, BentSolar System Science and Exploration Division, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USAhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5956-5722UNSPECIFIED
Matthiä, DanielUNSPECIFIEDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1507-0143UNSPECIFIED
Zhuang, BinInstitute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USAUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Date:2 August 2023
Journal or Publication Title:Geophysical Research Letters
Refereed publication:Yes
Open Access:Yes
Gold Open Access:No
In SCOPUS:Yes
In ISI Web of Science:Yes
Volume:50
DOI:10.1029/2023GL103069
Page Range:e2023GL103069
Publisher:Wiley
ISSN:0094-8276
Status:Published
Keywords:solar eruptions, first ground level enhancement (GLE) event, Earth, Moon, Mars
HGF - Research field:Aeronautics, Space and Transport
HGF - Program:Space
HGF - Program Themes:Research under Space Conditions
DLR - Research area:Raumfahrt
DLR - Program:R FR - Research under Space Conditions
DLR - Research theme (Project):R - radiation risks
Location: Köln-Porz
Institutes and Institutions:Institute of Aerospace Medicine > Radiation Biology
Deposited By: Kopp, Kerstin
Deposited On:03 Aug 2023 14:00
Last Modified:03 Aug 2023 14:00

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