Green energy carriers and energy sovereignty in a climate neutral European energy system

Abstract

Meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement poses significant challenges to provide renewable energy for the power, heating, transport, and industrial sector. Both green hydrogen and methane are considered key energy carriers for reaching these climate targets. However, future needs for an effective infrastructure deployment are highly uncertain, particularly concerning the timely and substantial expansion of renewable electricity generation in Europe. To better understand the trade-offs between domestic production and large-scale energy imports and the corresponding infrastructures needs, we use the energy system optimisation model REMix. We consider different strategic European story lines and constraints on expansion of pipelines and power grids. The results indicate that European energy sovereignty is feasible but comes at a 2.8% higher cost compared to stronger cooperation with resource-rich areas such as the British Isles or the Maghreb region. In contrast, preventing any network expansion lead to an increase of up to 15.2%. Especially limited network expansion in conjunction with energy sovereignty makes controversial technologies such as nuclear energy necessary. With regard to the extensive adaptations of energy infrastructures required to achieve the emission reduction goal, the timely and substantial expansion of electricity generation from renewable sources in particular is to be regarded as crucial.