Roles in the remote operation of highly automated vehicles

Abstract

Background: Remote operation is a promising approach to bridge the gap between today’s technological shortcomings and the efficient use of highly automated vehicles (HAVs) at Level 4 (SAE, 2021). This technology enables HAVs to be remotely operated if necessary, e.g., from a Remote Operation Center (ROC) through Remote Driving or Remote Assistance. The ROC will be responsible both for monitoring AV operations overall as well as troubleshooting incidents. A role model for the ROC with distinct tasks for each role requiring different qualifications and skills is presented.

Method: The presented role model is based on a systematic analysis of tasks within a control center of public transport, scenarios and human-machine interaction strategies for HAVs in public transportation, as well as the collection and systematic classification of use cases and scenarios in remote operation. Considering various human factors requirements, e.g., vigilance, situation awareness, and task load, a separate human-machine interface (HMI) incorporating the respective requirements, tasks and responsibilities must be designed for each role and its corresponding workplace.

Results: In a ROC, there can be the following central roles conceptualized: the Remote Coordinator (RC) manages the ROC on the top-level and provides Remote Assistance, several Remote Driving Operators (RDOs) execute remote driving tasks and at least one Remote System Operator (RSO) maintains the operation of the HAV fleet at a systemic level. The RC's primary task is to ensure that all incidents are noticed, addressed, resolved, and documented. Furthermore, the RC assigns remote driving tasks to the RDOs. The RSO's responsibilities are comprised of configuring the automation software for all system components, re-analyzing video images, categorizing unclassified objects, and assisting the RC in incident analysis.

Conclusion: The role model presented is a first conceptual step to spark a debate on how the work of future remote operators and their workplaces can be designed from a human factors perspective. Further research on tasks executed and skills required in the ROC needs to be conducted.