High‐Resolution Aircraft Observations of Turbulence and Waves in the Free Atmosphere and Comparison With Global Model Predictions

Abstract

High-resolution flight data obtained from in situ measurements in the free atmosphere aboard the High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) are used to determine eddy dissipation rates along extended flights during the recent Southern Hemisphere Transport, Dynamics, and Chemistry aircraft campaign (SOUTHTRAC) in the 2019 austral winter. These data are analyzed and correlated with quantities characterizing the ambient airflow and the magnitudes of vertical energy propagation through internal gravity waves. The observed turbulence events are strongly correlated with elevated shear values, and overturning gravity waves do not appear to play a role. A highlight of the analysis is the validation of a recently implemented Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) forecast index in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast integrated forecast system. Here we find a slightly better correlation of the CAT prediction with the HALO research aircraft observations compared to those of commercial aircraft. The observed turbulence during SOUTHTRAC was never stronger than moderate, as EDR values remained below 0.3 m2/3 s−1. In general, light and light-to-moderate turbulence events were extremely rare, occurring in only about 5% of the flight time, and stronger events in less than 0.2%. These results are also reflected in the local atmospheric conditions, which were dominated by a thermally very stable airflow with low vertical shear and large Richardson numbers.