Investigating the architecture and internal structure of the TOI-561 system planets with CHEOPS, HARPS-N, and TESS

Lacedelli, G. and Wilson, T. G. and Malavolta, L. and Hooton, M. J. and Collier Cameron, A. and Alibert, Y. and Mortier, A. and Bonfanti, A. and Haywood, R. D. and Hoyer, S. and Piotto, G. and Bekkelien, A. and Vanderburg, A. M. and Benz, W. and Dumusque, X. and Deline, A. and López-Morales, M. and Borsato, L. and Rice, K. and Fossati, L. and Latham, D. W. and Brandeker, A. and Poretti, E. and Sousa, S. G. and Sozzetti, A. and Salmon, S. and Burke, C. J. and Van Grootel, V. and Fausnaugh, M. M. and Adibekyan, V. and Huang, C. X. and Osborn, H. P. and Mustill, A. J. and Palle, E. and Bourrier, V. and Nascimbeni, V. and Alonso, R. and Anglada Escudé, G. and Bàrczy, T. and Barrado y Navascués, D. and Barros, S. C. C. and Baumjohann, W. and Beck, M. and Beck, T. and Billot, N. and Bonfils, X. and Broeg, C. and Buchhave, L. A. and Cabrera, J. and Charnoz, S. and Cosentino, R. and Csizmadia, Szilard and Davies, M. B. and Deleuil, M. and Delrez, L. and Demangeon, O. and Demory, B. O. and Ehrenreich, D. and Erikson, A. and Esparza-Borges, E. and Floren, H. G. and Fortier, A. and Fridlund, M. and Futyan, D. and Gandolfi, D. and Ghedina, A. and Gillon, M. and Güdel, M. and Guterman, P. and Harutyunyan, A. and Heng, K. and Isaak, K. G. and Jenkins, J. M. and Kiss, L. and Laskar, J. and Lecavelier des Etangs, A. and Lendl, M. and Lovis, C. and Magrin, D. and Marafatto, L. and Martinez Fiorenzano, A. F. and Maxted, P. F. L. and Mayor, M. and Micela, G. and Molinari, E. and Murgas, F. and Narita, N. and Olofsson, G. and Ottensamer, R. and Pagano, I. and Pasetti, A. and Pedani, M. and Pepe, F. and Peter, G. and Phillips, D. F. and Pollacco, D. and Queloz, D. and Ragazzoni, R. and Rando, N. and Ratti, F. and Rauer, H. and Ribas, I. and Santos, N. C. and Sasselov, D. and Scandariato, G. and Seager, S. and Segransan, D. and Serrano, L. M. and Simon, A. E. and Smith, Alexis M S and Steinberger, M. and Steller, M. and Szabo, Gy. M. and Thomas, N. and Twicken, J. D. and Udry, S. and Walton, N. A. and Winn, J. N. (2022) Investigating the architecture and internal structure of the TOI-561 system planets with CHEOPS, HARPS-N, and TESS. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 511 (3), pp. 4551-4571. Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac199. ISSN 0035-8711.

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Official URL: https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/511/3/4551/6516986

Abstract

We present a precise characterization of the TOI-561 planetary system obtained by combining previously published data with TESS and CHEOPS photometry, and a new set of 62 HARPS-N radial velocities (RVs). Our joint analysis confirms the presence of four transiting planets, namely TOI-561 b (P = 0.45 d, R = 1.42 R⊕, M = 2.0 M⊕), c (P = 10.78 d, R = 2.91 R⊕, M = 5.4 M⊕), d (P = 25.7 d, R = 2.82 R⊕, M = 13.2 M⊕), and e (P = 77 d, R = 2.55 R⊕, M = 12.6 R⊕). Moreover, we identify an additional, long-period signal (>450 d) in the RVs, which could be due to either an external planetary companion or to stellar magnetic activity. The precise masses and radii obtained for the four planets allowed us to conduct interior structure and atmospheric escape modelling. TOI-561 b is confirmed to be the lowest density (ρb = 3.8 ± 0.5 g cm-3) ultra-short period (USP) planet known to date, and the low metallicity of the host star makes it consistent with the general bulk density-stellar metallicity trend. According to our interior structure modelling, planet b has basically no gas envelope, and it could host a certain amount of water. In contrast, TOI-561 c, d, and e likely retained an H/He envelope, in addition to a possibly large water layer. The inferred planetary compositions suggest different atmospheric evolutionary paths, with planets b and c having experienced significant gas loss, and planets d and e showing an atmospheric content consistent with the original one. The uniqueness of the USP planet, the presence of the long-period planet TOI-561 e, and the complex architecture make this system an appealing target for follow-up studies.

Item URL in elib:

https://elib.dlr.de/185752/

Document Type:

Article

Title:

Investigating the architecture and internal structure of the TOI-561 system planets with CHEOPS, HARPS-N, and TESS

Authors:

Authors	Institution or Email of Authors	Author's ORCID iD
Lacedelli, G.	Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Galileo Galilei", Universià degli Studi di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 3, 35122, Padova, Italy; INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122, Padova, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Wilson, T. G.	School of Physics and Astronomy, St. Andrews, UK	UNSPECIFIED
Malavolta, L.	INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padova, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Hooton, M. J.	Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Collier Cameron, A.	University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK	UNSPECIFIED
Alibert, Y.	University of Bern, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Mortier, A.	Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK; Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK	UNSPECIFIED
Bonfanti, A.	Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria	UNSPECIFIED
Haywood, R. D.	Astrophysics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 2QL, UK	UNSPECIFIED
Hoyer, S.	Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, Univ. de Provence, France	UNSPECIFIED
Piotto, G.	INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, vicolo dell Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Bekkelien, A.	Observatoire de Genève, University of Geneva, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Vanderburg, A. M.	Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA	UNSPECIFIED
Benz, W.	Physics Institute, Space Research & Planetary Sciences, University of Bern, Sidlerstr. 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Dumusque, X.	Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Chemin des Mailettes 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Deline, A.	Observatoire de Genève, University of Geneva, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
López-Morales, M.	Center for Astrophysics \| Harvard and Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA	UNSPECIFIED
Borsato, L.	Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Rice, K.	SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Scotland, UK; Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH93FD, UK	UNSPECIFIED
Fossati, L.	Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, 8042, Graz, Austria	UNSPECIFIED
Latham, D. W.	Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA	UNSPECIFIED
Brandeker, A.	Department of Astronomy – Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden	UNSPECIFIED
Poretti, E.	INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Sousa, S. G.	Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal	UNSPECIFIED
Sozzetti, A.	INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, via Osservatorio 20,10025 Pino Torinese, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Salmon, S.	STAR, Université de Liège, Belgium	UNSPECIFIED
Burke, C. J.	Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA	UNSPECIFIED
Van Grootel, V.	STAR, Université de Liège, Belgium	UNSPECIFIED
Fausnaugh, M. M.	Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA	UNSPECIFIED
Adibekyan, V.	Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal	UNSPECIFIED
Huang, C. X.	Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; University of Southern Queensland, Centre for Astrophysics, West Street, Toowoomba, QLD 4350 Australia	UNSPECIFIED
Osborn, H. P.	NCCR/PlanetS, Centre for Space & Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA	UNSPECIFIED
Mustill, A. J.	Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden	UNSPECIFIED
Palle, E.	Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), 38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain	UNSPECIFIED
Bourrier, V.	Université de Genève, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Nascimbeni, V.	NAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, IT-35122, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Alonso, R.	Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), Via Lactea s/n 38200, La Laguna, Spain	UNSPECIFIED
Anglada Escudé, G.	Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, CanMagrans s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), 08034 Barcelona,Spain	UNSPECIFIED
Bàrczy, T.	Admatis, Miskolc, Hungary	UNSPECIFIED
Barrado y Navascués, D.	Depto. de Astrofisica, Centro de Astrobiologia (CSIC-INTA), ESAC campus, E-28692 Villanueva de la Cañada (Madrid), Spain	UNSPECIFIED
Barros, S. C. C.	Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal	UNSPECIFIED
Baumjohann, W.	Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria	UNSPECIFIED
Beck, M.	Université de Genève, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Beck, T.	Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstraße 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Billot, N.	Université de Genève, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Bonfils, X.	Université Grenoble Alpes, France	UNSPECIFIED
Broeg, C.	Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Buchhave, L. A.	DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 328, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark	UNSPECIFIED
Cabrera, J.	juan.cabrera (at) dlr.de	UNSPECIFIED
Charnoz, S.	Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France	UNSPECIFIED
Cosentino, R.	INAF-Fundacion Galileo Galilei, Rambla Jose Ana Fernandez Perez 7, 38712 -Brena Baja, Spain	UNSPECIFIED
Csizmadia, Szilard	szilard.csizmadia (at) dlr.de	UNSPECIFIED
Davies, M. B.	Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden	UNSPECIFIED
Deleuil, M.	Aix Marseille Universite, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388, Marseille, France	UNSPECIFIED
Delrez, L.	Institut d Astrophysique et de Geophysique, Universite de Liege	UNSPECIFIED
Demangeon, O.	Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal	UNSPECIFIED
Demory, B. O.	Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Ehrenreich, D.	Observatoire de Genève, University of Geneva, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Erikson, A.	anders.erikson (at) dlr.de	UNSPECIFIED
Esparza-Borges, E.	Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain	UNSPECIFIED
Floren, H. G.	Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden	UNSPECIFIED
Fortier, A.	Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Fridlund, M.	Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, 439 92, Onsala, Sweden; Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, 2333CA, Leiden, The Netherlands	UNSPECIFIED
Futyan, D.	Observatoire de Genève, University of Geneva, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Gandolfi, D.	Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Ghedina, A.	Fundación Galileo Galilei - INAF, Rambla J. A. F. Perez, 7, E-38712 S.C. Tenerife, Spain	UNSPECIFIED
Gillon, M.	Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Universitée de Liège, Allée du 6 août 17, B-4000 Liège, Belgium	UNSPECIFIED
Güdel, M.	Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Tuerkenschanzstrasse 17, A-1180 Vienna, Austria	UNSPECIFIED
Guterman, P.	Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille, France	UNSPECIFIED
Harutyunyan, A.	INAF-Fundacion Galileo Galilei, Rambla Jose Ana Fernandez Perez 7, 38712 -Brena Baja, Spain	UNSPECIFIED
Heng, K.	Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Gesellschaftsstraße 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Isaak, K. G.	ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, Niederlande	UNSPECIFIED
Jenkins, J. M.	NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA	UNSPECIFIED
Kiss, L.	Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth, Budapest, Hungary	UNSPECIFIED
Laskar, J.	IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ.,Sorbonne Univ., 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France	UNSPECIFIED
Lecavelier des Etangs, A.	Institut d Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7095 & Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Paris 6, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France	UNSPECIFIED
Lendl, M.	Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Chemin des Mailettes 51, 1290, Versoix, Switzerland; Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstr. 6, 8042, Graz, Austria	UNSPECIFIED
Lovis, C.	Observatoire de l Universite de Geneve, 51 chemin des Maillettes, 1290 Sauverny, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Magrin, D.	INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Marafatto, L.	INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Martinez Fiorenzano, A. F.	Fundación Galileo Galilei - INAF, Rambla J. A. F. Perez, 7, E-38712 S.C. Tenerife, Spain	UNSPECIFIED
Maxted, P. F. L.	Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK	UNSPECIFIED
Mayor, M.	Observatoire de Genève	UNSPECIFIED
Micela, G.	INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Molinari, E.	INAF-Fundacion Galileo Galilei, Rambla Jose Ana Fernandez Perez 7, 38712 -Brena Baja, Spain	UNSPECIFIED
Murgas, F.	Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), 38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain	UNSPECIFIED
Narita, N.	Astrobiology Center and National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, NINS, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8588, Japan; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan; Institut	UNSPECIFIED
Olofsson, G.	Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden	UNSPECIFIED
Ottensamer, R.	Dept. of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Austria	UNSPECIFIED
Pagano, I.	INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S.Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Pasetti, A.	P&P Software GmbH, High Tech Center, Taegerwilen, CH-8274, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Pedani, M.	INAF-Fundacion Galileo Galilei, Rambla Jose Ana Fernandez Perez 7, 38712 -Brena Baja, Spain	UNSPECIFIED
Pepe, F.	Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Chemin des Mailettes 51, 1290, Versoix, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Peter, G.	Gisbert.Peter (at) dlr.de	UNSPECIFIED
Phillips, D. F.	Center for Astrophysics \| Harvard and Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA	UNSPECIFIED
Pollacco, D.	Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK; Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK	UNSPECIFIED
Queloz, D.	Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK	UNSPECIFIED
Ragazzoni, R.	INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Rando, N.	ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, Niederlande	UNSPECIFIED
Ratti, F.	ESA/ESTEC, Niederlande	UNSPECIFIED
Rauer, H.	Heike.Rauer (at) dlr.de	UNSPECIFIED
Ribas, I.	Institute d´Estudis Espacials de Catalunya and Instituto de Ciencias des Espacio, Barcelona, Spain	UNSPECIFIED
Santos, N. C.	Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal	UNSPECIFIED
Sasselov, D.	Center for Astrophysics \| Harvard and Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA	UNSPECIFIED
Scandariato, G.	INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Seager, S.	Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 0213	UNSPECIFIED
Segransan, D.	Observatoire de Geneve, Universite de Geneve, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Serrano, L. M.	Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125, Torino, Italy	UNSPECIFIED
Simon, A. E.	Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Smith, Alexis M S	Alexis.Smith (at) dlr.de	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2386-4341
Steinberger, M.	Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria	UNSPECIFIED
Steller, M.	Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria	UNSPECIFIED
Szabo, Gy. M.	Department of Experimental Physics & Astronomical Observatory, Szedeg, Hungary	UNSPECIFIED
Thomas, N.	Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bern, CH	UNSPECIFIED
Twicken, J. D.	NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA	UNSPECIFIED
Udry, S.	Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, Versoix, CH-1290, Switzerland	UNSPECIFIED
Walton, N. A.	Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK	UNSPECIFIED
Winn, J. N.	Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA)	UNSPECIFIED

Date:

2022

Journal or Publication Title:

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Refereed publication:

Yes

Open Access:

Gold Open Access:

In SCOPUS:

Yes

In ISI Web of Science:

Yes

Volume:

511

DOI :

10.1093/mnras/stac199

Page Range:

pp. 4551-4571

Publisher:

Oxford University Press

ISSN:

0035-8711

Status:

Published

Keywords:

techniques: photometric, techniques: radial velocities, planets and satellites: fundamental parameters, planets and satellites: interiors, stars: individual: TOI-561 (TIC 377064495, Gaia EDR3 3850421005290172416), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics

HGF - Research field:

Aeronautics, Space and Transport

HGF - Program:

Space

HGF - Program Themes:

Space Exploration

DLR - Research area:

Raumfahrt

DLR - Program:

R EW - Space Exploration

DLR - Research theme (Project):

R - CHEOPS Science, R - Project CHEOPS

Location:

Berlin-Adlershof

Institutes and Institutions:

Institute of Planetary Research > Extrasolar Planets and Atmospheres
Institute of Optical Sensor Systems
Institute of Planetary Research > Leitungsbereich PF

Deposited By:

Smith, Dr Alexis M S

Deposited On:

25 Mar 2022 08:45

Last Modified:

25 Mar 2022 08:45

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