From Carbon Dioxide and Water to Carbon-Neutral Fuels and Chemicals

Kurzfassung

The contractual objective to limit the global temperature rise well below 2°C represents a milestone in international climate policy and requires the timely development of strategies that provide solutions to how effective energy-saving pathways can be realized. The defossilisation of the energy system plays a key role here. But the transport sector must also be reflected in strategies to become carbon-neutral because of its high share of GHG emissions. Hydrogen and synthetic hydrocarbon fuels are foreseen to play an essential role as energy carrier for the transport sector. Hence the development of renewable pathways to produce those fuels is very important. Promising approaches to utilize CO2 and water as a feedstock are solar heated thermochemical processes. Our group investigates such processes amongst which are the solar thermal dissociation of water and carbon dioxide to generate a mixture of CO and H2 (= synthesis gas), which is then converted to a liquid fuels like methanol, gasoline or kerosene. This is at the same time a method to chemically store renewable energies using a two-step process based on multi-valent metal oxides capable to abstract and reversibly incorporate oxygen from water or CO2. R&D on such processes is carried out on European level. The technology has been developed from laboratory scale experiments to demonstration plants for hydrogen production at the Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA) operated by the Spanish organisation CIEMAT and for kerosene production at a solar tower in Mostoles, Spain operated by IMDEA Energia. In an accompanying national project the complete production chain of solar fuels is being investigated. The aim is to obtain the most advantageous process design possible by carrying out a techno-economic analysis and optimisation, with which the target fuels can be produced at competitive prices. This chain not only considers the source of feedstock and the production route but also the use of the fuel inside a motor or turbine, as drop-in fuel or as newly designed fuel. The thermochemical pathways under consideration for this comparative analysis comprise routes based on porous reactive ceramics as solar absorbers as well as others based on ceramic particle flows. Heat recovery plays an essential role to make those processes feasible since they are carried out in a temperature swing type of operation. Heating the redox material accounts for about 60 % of the total heat demand. With a thermal storage heat that would otherwise be lost in the cooling phase is saved and used to preheat the material before the next cycle. The time of irradiation is thereby decreased. Calculations show that up to 40 % of sensible heat can be saved.