From Analog Tests to the Moon: Situational Awareness Systems for Astronauts and Tourists

Kurzfassung

Human space exploration is entering a new phase with the Artemis program and the planned return to the Moon. Efficient and scientifically valuable Extra-Vehicular Activities (EVAs) in the lunar environment require advanced Mission Support Systems (MSS) that enhance astronaut autonomy, safety, and situational awareness. This study presents the development and evaluation of a custom MSS tailored for lunar surface operations. The system was implemented and tested during a high-fidelity simulated EVA at the LUNA analog facility operated by DLR and ESA. Core functionalities included realtime crew tracking, workload monitoring, a QR-code-based inventory management system (IMS), and structured scientific documentation. All components were integrated into a webbased dashboard accessible by the astronauts and the Flight Control Team (FCT). The qualitative evaluation, based on video and voice recordings from the simulation as well as post-mission feedback by all participants, revealed specific strengths and limitations of the system, informing targeted design improvements to enhance usability, robustness, and procedural integration. The findings indicate that real-time tracking supported improved orientation and navigation across the simulated terrain. Physiological monitoring enabled real-time assessment of crew workload, which was considered beneficial for maintaining procedural awareness and supporting safety-critical decisions. QRcode- based inventory interaction enabled reliable identification and contextual linking of tools and samples. This contributed to procedural efficiency by reducing otherwise required feedback loops and manual logging, while also improving accuracy in tool usage and sample tracking throughout the EVA. The integrated documentation tools were seen as reducing cognitive load and streamlining post-EVA reporting processes. In addition to professional use cases, the potential application of such systems in the context of lunar tourism was examined. Based on operational observations and system interactions during the simulation, several design improvements were proposed to optimize human-system interaction and technical reliability while better aligning with operational workflows. These include higher levels of automation to facilitate safe and autonomous work with mission procedures. The results also highlight the potential of modular MSS architectures to evolve from specialized tools for scientific exploration into flexible platforms capable of supporting diverse user groups, including commercial spaceflight participants. This adaptability contributes to a broader vision of inclusive and sustainable lunar surface operations.